連云港港是長三角主要港口和江蘇最大海港,是蘇北和中西部最經(jīng)濟(jì)便捷的出海口、新亞歐大陸橋東橋頭堡，是以腹地內(nèi)集裝箱運(yùn)輸為主并承擔(dān)亞歐大陸間國際集裝箱水陸聯(lián)運(yùn)的重要中轉(zhuǎn)港口。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，連云港的航運(yùn)事業(yè)將會(huì)有更大的發(fā)展，在這一過程中，河道疏浚成為一個(gè)不得不面對(duì)的問題。河道疏浚要考慮方方面面的因素，本文主要集中討論河道清理后的岸坡工程設(shè)計(jì)。 本文在開篇講了連云港的地理位置，自然地理?xiàng)l件，氣象水文，對(duì)本工程在連云港河道疏浚工程中的重要性做了簡略介紹。然后講了本工程護(hù)岸部分地形地貌，區(qū)域地質(zhì)構(gòu)造，地層，水文地質(zhì)等工程地質(zhì)條件，以便為下一步的工作打好基礎(chǔ)。在第四章里，討論了護(hù)岸部分的巖土特性，對(duì)護(hù)岸部分巖土進(jìn)行了分層描述，初步討論了護(hù)岸部分的全新統(tǒng)海陸交互相地層結(jié)構(gòu)特征，通過對(duì)戶岸部分的巖土特性討論，厘清了本護(hù)岸存在的工程地質(zhì)問題，明確了后面幾章要解決的問題。從第五章，開始進(jìn)入護(hù)岸工程的設(shè)計(jì)，講了護(hù)岸工程設(shè)計(jì)的條件，包括護(hù)岸工程設(shè)計(jì)的依據(jù)規(guī)范和護(hù)岸工程設(shè)計(jì)的使用數(shù)據(jù)。鑒于在護(hù)岸工程設(shè)計(jì)中，岸坡穩(wěn)定性分析的重要性，本文單獨(dú)分出第六章，對(duì)岸坡穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行了專門討論，采用畢肖普條分法分析了岸坡穩(wěn)定性，然后重點(diǎn)分析了影響岸坡穩(wěn)定性的因素。第七章的重點(diǎn)是討論擋土墻的設(shè)計(jì)，首先根據(jù)勘察資料討論了擋土墻的型式，所用材料，再采用理正軟件進(jìn)行擋土墻設(shè)計(jì)，然后在用理論公式做了一系列驗(yàn)算，驗(yàn)算結(jié)果全部符合要求，最后給出了沉降縫和排水設(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)。 本文的核心部分是通過對(duì)護(hù)岸部分工程地質(zhì)條件的論述，提出了在河道疏浚時(shí)岸坡的穩(wěn)定性問題，以及由此引發(fā)的一系列工程地質(zhì)問題，隨后對(duì)這些問題中的主要部分做了集中分析和解決。本文的穩(wěn)定性分析和擋土墻設(shè)計(jì)均采用理論計(jì)算和理正軟件計(jì)算相結(jié)合的方式。
Lianyungang port is delta main ports and Jiangsu largest seaport, it is the most economical and convenient in North and Midwest to the sea, the new Eurasian Continental Bridge bridgehead, is a hinterland container transport between Asia and Europe-based and assume an important international container transit port land and water transport. With economic development, the shipping industry in Lianyungang, will have greater evelopment. In this process, channel dredging will be a problem that we have to face. River dredging must consider all aspects of the factors. This article focuses mainly on river clean-up of the bank slope engineering. This article begins with talk of the Lianyungang location, geography, meteorology and hydrology,on the project in Lianyungang, the importance of river dredging done in the brief introduction.Then talked about some of the bank protection works topography, regional geological structure, stratigraphy, hydrogeology, engineering geological conditions, etc, in order to lay the foundation for further work.In the fourth chapter, discusses on some of the geotechnical characteristics of bank protection on the part of the rock revetment was layered description, a preliminary discussion of some of the new revetment and sea delivery system structural characteristics of each stratum.On shore part of the geotechnical characteristics of households to discuss and clarify the existence of the bank protection engineering geological problems, specifically the later chapters to solve the problem.From the fifth chapter,we entered design of bank protection works, talking about the design of bank protection works, including an engineering design based on revetment bank protection engineering design specifications and use of data.View of the revetment slope stability analysis in the importance of engineering design,Chapter VI of this paper are listed in a separate slope stability was devoted, by Bishop slice method slope stability analysis,and then analyzed the factors that affect slope stability.Chapter VII of the discussion focused on the design of retaining walls, first discussed the retaining wall according to survey data of the type, materials used, more, I use software to design retaining walls.And then do a series with the theoretical formula checking, checking all the results meet the requirements. Finally,the design of the settlement joint and drainage facilities was given. Core part of this article is part of the project through the revetment discusses the geological conditions,when the proposed dredging the river bank slope stability problems, and triggered a series of engineering geological problems, then these questions do focus on the main part of the analysis and solution.This stability analysis and design of retaining walls are used theoretical calculations and the reasons are a combination of software

你怎么不去老師那要，順便給老師摔下一條中華5000，笨 還寫論文 哼

文修辭手法較多，我就將修辭作為講授重點(diǎn)

再加懸賞分吧！！

只能告訴你上百度查查吧。。。。

關(guān)系幸福根本學(xué)生是

一份樣本……

有一篇施工監(jiān)控的論文，你查收一下吧，希望對(duì)你有用！

The urban river embankment discuss the ecological construction
Anonymous XXXXXXXX
Abstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects.
Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situation
Text:
A, background
River Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity high.
The traditional embankment design often single ?
一、背景
河流的堤岸部分是水陸交錯(cuò)的過渡地帶，具有顯著的邊緣效應(yīng)。這里有活躍的物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分和能量的流動(dòng)，為多種生物提供了棲息地。自然狀態(tài)下的堤岸往往物種豐富、生產(chǎn)力高。
傳統(tǒng)的堤岸設(shè)計(jì)往往會(huì)單純從防洪角度出發(fā)，采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起來高高的堤岸。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于高度的可靠性，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)后加起防護(hù)堤岸抗流水沖刷能力顯著增強(qiáng)。對(duì)于洪水暴發(fā)頻繁、侵蝕嚴(yán)重的區(qū)段，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)無可厚非，而對(duì)于一般河流堤岸的修建，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)則顯得缺乏環(huán)境的美化和綠化，同時(shí)也破壞許多對(duì)生態(tài)起重要作用的自然因素，如破壞植被與河床間的聯(lián)系，造成沖刷侵蝕轉(zhuǎn)移等。
另外，河流作為城市風(fēng)貌不可多得的珍惜資源，也是城市風(fēng)貌的特色要素，它的景觀塑造顯得十分必要。同時(shí)，堤岸景觀建設(shè)必然使濱河地區(qū)土地價(jià)值提升，濱水開發(fā)的高投資回報(bào)的特點(diǎn)更增強(qiáng)了對(duì)城市堤岸景觀建設(shè)的需求。
二、需求——堤岸的生態(tài)化建設(shè)
河流堤岸作為城市中最鄰近河流的區(qū)域，是城市與河流的銜接線，它的景觀規(guī)劃是提高城市生活品質(zhì)的需要，也是豐富城市景觀的需要。
生態(tài)化建設(shè)，它的根本思路是運(yùn)用自然本身抗干擾和自我修復(fù)的能力來處理人與自然的關(guān)系。生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)方法不同于傳統(tǒng)用人工的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來取代自然的方法，而是用自然的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來順應(yīng)自然的進(jìn)程。
將河岸與河道在生態(tài)上聯(lián)系起來，也就實(shí)現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分、能量的交流：對(duì)于生物，它提供了合適的棲息地；植物根系可固著土壤，枝葉可截留雨水，過濾地表逕流，抵抗流水沖刷，從而起到保護(hù)堤岸、增加堤岸結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性、凈化水質(zhì)、涵養(yǎng)水源的作用，而且隨著時(shí)間的推移，這些作用被不斷加強(qiáng)。同時(shí)，生態(tài)化建設(shè)以自然的外貌出現(xiàn)，容易與環(huán)境取得協(xié)調(diào)，造價(jià)也較低，不需要長期的維護(hù)管理。
三、河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)方式
河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)，要遵守生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)的原則，注重地方性、保護(hù)與節(jié)約自然資本、讓自然做功、顯露自然，主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)地域氣候環(huán)境、河流地質(zhì)地貌、水文變化的適應(yīng)，對(duì)河流生態(tài)環(huán)境的考慮，對(duì)堤岸地形的處理和對(duì)筑堤材料的選擇和構(gòu)造方式方面。
1） 人工類：
傳統(tǒng)方法是采用塊石或混凝土塊磚等堆砌。可在此基礎(chǔ)上加以改進(jìn)以適應(yīng)河流景觀設(shè)計(jì)的需求。
a) 塊石或混凝土塊磚干砌，不用砂漿。這樣在砌塊之間就留有空隙，為后期濱河植物的生長提供了空間。隨著時(shí)間的推移，堤岸會(huì)逐漸呈現(xiàn)出自然的風(fēng)貌。
b) 堤岸采用臺(tái)階式分級(jí)，臺(tái)階面上的空間加以利用，種植植物。
當(dāng)然這兩種改進(jìn)方法對(duì)于河岸處現(xiàn)有植被仍存在一定的不良影響，人工痕跡也過于明顯。
2） 自然類：
充分利用堤岸植被原型，可直接將適用于濱河地帶生長的植被種植于堤岸上，利用植物的根、莖、葉來穩(wěn)固堤岸，防止侵蝕、控制沉積的同時(shí)也為生物提供了棲息地。
3） 人工自然相結(jié)合
綜合了以上兩種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，具有人工結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和自然的外貌，見效快、生態(tài)效益好，以下為常見的兩種類型：
a) 種植植物的堆石
將由大小不同的石塊組成的堆石置于與水接觸的土壤表面，再把活體切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加穩(wěn)定。根系可提高強(qiáng)度，植被可遮蓋石塊，使堤岸外貌更加自然。
b) 與植物結(jié)合使用的插孔式混凝土塊
將預(yù)制的混凝土塊以連鎖的形式置于岸底的淺渠中，再將植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土塊之間和堤岸上部，其上覆土壓實(shí)，再播種草本植物。
堤岸生態(tài)化建設(shè)也存在一定的局限性。如：選用的材料及建造方法不同，堤岸的防護(hù)能力相差很大，需要運(yùn)用多學(xué)科知識(shí)認(rèn)真分析，這就為設(shè)計(jì)人員提出了更大的挑戰(zhàn)；建造初期若受到強(qiáng)烈干擾，則會(huì)影響到以后防護(hù)作用的發(fā)揮等。這也就對(duì)河流堤岸的生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)提出了更高的要求。
四、國內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀
1）省會(huì)城市
在我國省會(huì)城市及計(jì)劃單列市中有近80％進(jìn)行了堤岸景觀規(guī)劃。（參考文獻(xiàn)[3]）

城 市 項(xiàng)目名稱 城 市 項(xiàng)目名稱
北 京 長河城市水系統(tǒng)綜合治理 南 寧 堤岸園工程
長 沙 湘江風(fēng)光帶 寧 波 濱江大道沿江景觀工程
成 都 府南河綠化工程 上 海 外灘、陸家嘴濱江大道
福 州 閔江江濱公園 沈 陽 渾河觀光旅游帶
廣 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景觀、芳村長堤建設(shè) 太 原 汾河公園
貴 陽 南明河景觀綠化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程
哈爾濱 松花江南岸沿江風(fēng)景長廊 武 漢 漢口江灘一二期工程
昆 明 盤龍江中段濱水生態(tài)景觀建設(shè) 西 安 灞河大水大綠工程
蘭 州 黃河風(fēng)情線 重 慶 南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道

從規(guī)劃后建成情況看，這些城市河流堤岸景觀項(xiàng)目都得到了當(dāng)?shù)卣c市民的肯定。在這些項(xiàng)目中，堤岸既可成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹呶Φ某鞘泄珗@，如太原的汾河公園和福州的江濱公園；堤岸也可成為市民日常休閑活動(dòng)的熱點(diǎn)地段，如南寧的堤路園和武漢的漢口江灘工程；堤岸還可成為城市最具特色的地段，如重慶的南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道；堤岸更可成為城市旅游的熱點(diǎn)，如上海的外灘和陸家嘴濱江大道。總之，經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃的堤岸已成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹咛厣牡貐^(qū)。
從建設(shè)效果看，相對(duì)堤岸的原來面貌而言，統(tǒng)計(jì)資料中的這些景觀工程都是較成功的，都成為當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘嘘P(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)，成為當(dāng)?shù)卣恼児こ蹋蔀楫?dāng)?shù)氐拿裥墓こ獭３鞘泻恿鞯贪锻ㄟ^景觀規(guī)劃，有效地改善了濱河地段的環(huán)境，并帶動(dòng)濱河地段的開發(fā)。但必須清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到，這些城市堤岸景觀項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃并非盡善盡美，也存在這樣或那樣的問題，仍有待完善。
2）中小城市
城市經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的強(qiáng)大決定了其城市建設(shè)水平的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和高水平。
中小城市河流堤岸景觀與統(tǒng)計(jì)資料中的城市存在較大的差距，存在更多的問題。特別是由于資金問題，堤岸景觀是，純?nèi)斯ぃ瑺顟B(tài)的鋼筋混凝土防洪堤，或保持自然防洪狀態(tài)的土石堤，沒有經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃，易造成城市資源的極大浪費(fèi)。
五、前景
目前，河流景觀建設(shè)，特別是城市河流景觀建設(shè)，在中國正方興未艾；在發(fā)達(dá)國家中也是一個(gè)久盛不衰的話題。 回顧發(fā)達(dá)國家河流景觀建設(shè)的歷史，自20世紀(jì)70年代以來，隨著人們環(huán)境意識(shí)的普遍增強(qiáng)，重視河流景觀的生態(tài)功能已成為一個(gè)時(shí)代的呼喚，河流景觀建設(shè)的生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)方法也已得到了空前的重視和發(fā)展。他山之石可以攻玉，借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國家已經(jīng)形成的成熟的理念和做法，可以使我們少走彎路，搭上隆隆前進(jìn)的生態(tài)建設(shè)之車。

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。
土木工程隨著人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展，至今已經(jīng)演變成為大型綜合性的學(xué)科，它已經(jīng)出許多分支，如：建筑工程，鐵路工程，道路工程，橋梁工程，特種工程結(jié)構(gòu)，給水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。土木工程共有六個(gè)專業(yè)：建筑學(xué)，城市規(guī)劃，土木工程，建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程，給水排水工程和道路橋梁工程。
土木工程作為一個(gè)重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科，有其重要的屬性：綜合性，社會(huì)性，實(shí)踐性，統(tǒng)一性。土木工程為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)眾多產(chǎn)業(yè)的振興發(fā)揮了促進(jìn)作用，工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的基本生產(chǎn)過程，因此，建筑業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)成為許多國家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱之一。

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古代的土木工程有很長的時(shí)間跨度，大致從公元前500年新石器時(shí)代出現(xiàn)原始的土木工程活動(dòng)到16世紀(jì)末意大利的文藝復(fù)興，導(dǎo)致土木工程走上迅速發(fā)展的道路為止，前后經(jīng)歷了兩千多年。在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)，由于科學(xué)理論發(fā)展及其緩慢，土木工程也沒有突破習(xí)慣的發(fā)展。
從17世紀(jì)中頁開始到20 世紀(jì)40年代第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束為止的300年間，國外的建筑取得了長足的進(jìn)步。土木工程進(jìn)入了定量分析階段。一些理論的發(fā)展，新材料的出現(xiàn)，新工具的發(fā)明，都使土木工程科學(xué)日漸完善和成熟。到了近代，二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之后，許多國家經(jīng)濟(jì)起飛，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)日益進(jìn)步，從而為進(jìn)一步發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力和物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。
人們生活水平的不斷提高，必然要求越來越舒適的居住環(huán)境，在這種情況下，建筑的發(fā)展直接推動(dòng)了土木工程的發(fā)展。
總的來說土木工程是一門古老的學(xué)科，它已經(jīng)取得了巨大的成就，未來的土木工程將在人們的生活中占據(jù)更重要的地位。地球環(huán)境的日益惡化，人口的不斷增加，人們?yōu)榱藸?zhēng)取生存，為了爭(zhēng)取更舒適的生存環(huán)境，必將更加重視土木工程。在不久的將來，一些重大項(xiàng)目將會(huì)陸續(xù)興建，插入云霄的摩天大樓，橫跨大樣的橋梁，更加方便的交通將不是夢(mèng)想。科技的發(fā)展，以及地球不斷惡化的環(huán)境必將促使土木工程向太空和海洋發(fā)展，為人類提供更廣闊的生存空間。近年來，工程材料主要是鋼筋，混凝土，木材和磚材，在未來，傳統(tǒng)材料將得到改觀，一些全新的更加適合建筑的材料將問世，尤其是化學(xué)合成材料將推動(dòng)建筑走向更高點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)方法的精確化，設(shè)計(jì)工作的自動(dòng)化，信息和智能話技術(shù)的全面引入，將會(huì)是人們有一個(gè)更加舒適的居住環(huán)境。一句話，理論的發(fā)展，新材料的出現(xiàn)，計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用，高新技術(shù)的引入等都將使土木工程有一個(gè)新的飛躍.
English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project.
Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy
Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices.
Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.

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Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures
J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b
a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999
Abstract
This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation
is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling
effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the
elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to
predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting
the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so
that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled
by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples
including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed
analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability
1. Introduction
Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane
frames composed of members with compact section,
fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation
in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic
analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been
well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis
methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of
member strength and stability, with some constraints,
satisfying the conventional column and beam–column
design limit-state checks. Although there have been
much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame
structures, the issues related to different theoretical and
numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency
in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The
research presented in this paper is an extension of
advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3–
5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation
of advanced analysis procedures.
* Corresponding

改進(jìn)非線性塑性鉸空間框架結(jié)構(gòu)的分析
摘要：
這份研究報(bào)告表明三維的框架結(jié)構(gòu)與二維邏輯性塑性鉸的關(guān)聯(lián)，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入橫斷面移動(dòng)為基準(zhǔn)，并考慮軸力、彎曲和扭力的移位之間的關(guān)系。發(fā)達(dá)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序作出通過每個(gè)物質(zhì)成分作為一個(gè)基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可彎曲的負(fù)載量，它也能預(yù)報(bào)可彎曲負(fù)載量與軸向扭力和橫向扭力的不穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)聯(lián)，這對(duì)預(yù)報(bào)非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的作用是必不可少的，以便非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的性能和部分成分一些原理能被輸入計(jì)算機(jī)。重要的非線性通過使用濃縮的塑性鉸方式被制作模型，塑性鉸和成分末端是容許存在。數(shù)值的例子包括集合學(xué)和重要的非線性，兩者習(xí)慣于證明目的的分析方法和電腦程序的穩(wěn)定性，精確性。